Could U.S. Repel a Cyberattack?
Christian Science Monitor (06/07/07) P. 1; Arnoldy, Ben; Lubold, Gordon
The two-week cyberattack against Estonia that flooded government Web
sites, shut down a bank's online services, and slowed Internet services
across the country, provided U.S. defense officials with a real-life
example of what could happen if the United States' Web infrastructure was
attacked. While Estonia reacted well, experts say the U.S. States may be
more likely to suffer mass disruptions of banking, telecommunications, and
government services due to a lack of coordination, funding, and centralized
authority. Protecting the nation from a cyberattack requires extensive
coordination between the government and the private sector and expensive
research and preparation, but US-CERT, the small group within the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) that is responsible for such efforts,
is underfunded and holds little authority, experts say. "The part of the
U.S. government that has responsibility for this doesn't have the authority
to command attention from within other parts of the government, and it
doesn't have the money to get the work done that is on its plate," says
cybersecurity expert Bill Woodcock, who traveled to Estonia to help during
the attack. Jerry Dixon, acting director of the DHS' National Cyber
Security Division, which runs US-CERT, says the situation is improving,
citing the increased number of incident reports from the private sector and
from government agencies reporting suspicious Internet activity, but that a
great deal of work is still needed, particularly in developing state-level
preparedness efforts and in preparing for a simultaneous attack against
several major networks.
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Computer Expert Urges Identity Verification Safeguards
for Employee Eligibility Systems
AScribe Newswire (06/07/07)
At a Congressional hearing on Thursday focusing on security and privacy
issues affecting efforts to verify employee eligibility, Peter G. Neumann,
representing ACM's U.S. Public Policy Committee, testified that the systems
requiring employers to submit identifying information on current and
potential employees, as outlined in pending legislation, contain many
risks. Neumann, an ACM Fellow and Principal Scientist in the Computer
Science Laboratory at SRI International, urged Congress to develop
incentives for operators and employers to maximize the achievement of U.S.
immigration laws mandating employee eligibility verification while
simultaneously minimizing privacy and security risks to individuals.
Employee Eligibility Verification System (EEVS) expansion is tied to
several bills in the House and Senate proposing national systems to verify
employment eligibility. Neumann said the computer database applications
required by these bills are vulnerable and risk exposing the system and the
data. Neumann presented a detailed set of recommendations to ensure the
verification system is designed, constructed, and operated securely.
"These potential pitfalls to security, integrity and privacy must be
anticipated from the beginning and reflected throughout the design,
implementation, and operation of the systems planned to implement the EEVS
expansion," Neumann said. "We should not expect easy technological answers
to inherently difficult problems." Neumann warned that information sent
and stored in EEVS would include primary personal identifiers and that any
compromise, theft, leak, destruction, or alteration would have severe
consequences, including identity theft and impersonation. "Privacy and
security are inextricably linked," Neumann said. "One cannot ever
guarantee complete privacy, but the difficulties are severely complicated
by systems that are not adequately secure."
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Designers Pitch 'Wild and Crazy' Ideas at DAC
EE Times (06/06/07) Mokhoff, Nicolas
Some encouraging ideas that have not reached the stage of the technical
paper were proposed for computer architectures and design methodologies
during the "Wild and Crazy Idea" session at this week's Design Automation
Conference. Stanford University researcher Alex Solomatnikov discussed the
prospects of having a chip multiprocessor generator act as a flexible,
universal computing platform that goes beyond the microprocessor.
Configuration and programming of the flexible computing framework for
running applications of a desired performance would be carried out by
designers, and would be followed by the system compiling the program and
configuration to adapt the original framework to develop a chip for the
specific applications. "Thus, the user gets the reduced development costs
of using a flexible solution with the efficiency of a custom chip,"
explained Solomatnikov. Rice University researcher Farinaz Koushanfar said
EDA tools could be used to integrate unique identification keys into
gate-level circuits as security protocols. "In the near future, the key
design dilemma will be providing security solutions that would cover all
aspects of the design--from design reuse methodology, to architecture and
to implementation," said Koushanfar. Software piracy could be addressed by
using secure IDs to make software that only runs on a specific IC. Also,
Blaze DFM researcher Puneet Gupta said line-end shortening (LES) could lead
to faster devices, and Columbia University researcher Stephen Edwards
addressed the possibility of a "precision timed" (PRET) machine.
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Goodbye Wires...
MIT News (06/07/07) Hadley, Franklin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers have experimentally
demonstrated a wireless power transfer method that they say could one day
be used to charge laptops, cell phones, MP3 players, and other electronic
devices. The solution the MIT researchers developed, known as WiTricity,
used coupled resonant objects to safely and efficiently light a 60-watt
light bulb using a power source seven feet away, with no physical
connection between the source and the light. The MIT researchers focused
on magnetically coupled resonators. The researchers were able to identify
the strongly coupled regime in the system, even when the distance between
the resonant objects was several times larger than the objects themselves.
Magnetic coupling is particularly suitable for real-world applications
because magnetic fields interact weakly with most common materials,
including biological organisms. The design used two copper coils, each a
self-resonant system. The coil attached to the power source fills the
space around itself with a non-radiative magnetic field oscillating at MHz
frequencies. The non-radiative field controls the power exchange with the
receiving units coil, which is specially designed to resonate with the
field. The resonant process ensures strong interaction between the two
units and a weak interaction with the rest of the environment. The
non-radiative field contains the majority of the power not picked up by the
receiving coil, preventing energy from being lost. Smaller resonant
objects would have a shorter energy transfer range, but laptop-sized coils
would be able to send power over room-sized distances efficiently and
almost omni-directionally.
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Grant Applications to Attend SC07 Due June 29
HPC Wire (06/06/07)
SC07, to be held Nov. 10-16 in Reno, Nev., will include the Broader
Engagement initiative, which aims to increase the involvement of
individuals in groups that have traditionally been underrepresented in high
performance computing and networking. The initiative provides grants to
support participation in the SC07 Technical Program, which encourages
technology submissions, and the development of networks through a formal
mentoring program and informal contacts at the conference, sponsored by ACM
and IEEE. Applications for grants to participate in the SC07 Technical
Program through the Broader Engagement Initiative will be accepted through
June 19. Grant recipients will receive complementary registration and
reimbursement for lodging and travel expenses, up to an agreed amount.
Applications are encouraged from anyone in computing-related disciplines,
including those with backgrounds in research, education, and industry, but
students in particular are encouraged to apply. Primary consideration will
be given to applicants from demographics that have traditionally be
underrepresented in high performance computing, such as African-Americans,
Hispanics, Indigenous People, and women. Successful grant applicants will
have a proven background related to high performance computing, networking,
storage, or analysis, demonstrate keen interest in integrating innovative
technologies into the curriculum or work environment, and commit themselves
to taking full advantage of this unique opportunity to meet international
leaders in the field of high-performance computing and networking.
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Researchers Chart Internet's 'Black Holes'
Wired News (06/07/07) Singel, Ryan
University of Washington computer science Ph.D. candidate Ethan
Katz-Bassett and his project partner Harsha V. Madhyastha said more than 10
percent of the Internet disappears every day. At a meeting of the North
American Network Operator's Group in Bellevue, Wash., Katz-Bassett
introduced Hubble, a network of deep cyberspace probes scattered across the
Internet. Over the course of two weeks, Hubble sampled 1,500 Internet
prefixes, small subsections of the Web, every 15 minutes and found that 10
percent of those prefixes could not be reached from certain areas of the
Internet. Katz-Bassett said that sometimes certain areas of the Internet
were completely unreachable, and at other times traffic originating from
particular areas of the Internet disappeared into a "routing black hole."
This phenomenon occurs when packets being sent from one computer to
another, such as an email or a request for a Web page, are somehow diverted
to the wrong location and are lost forever. "We've found a lot more
reachability problems than we expected to see, with some prefixes being
unreachable from several vantage points across multiple days," Madhyastha
said. The two researchers hope to build a tool that will track these
"black holes" in real time by monitoring the exchange that occurs between
routers about the best route for traffic, and by building a permanent
system of remote sensors that can send out signals, or pings, from various
point across the Internet. "A single unresponsive ping is likely to mean
there are widespread problems," Katz-Bassett said. The system that
Katz-Bassett hopes to build over the summer would treat an answered ping as
a canary in a coal mine, and instantly send multiple probes to the area.
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Online Shoppers Will Pay Extra to Protect Privacy,
Carnegie Mellon Study Shows
Carnegie Mellon News (06/06/07) Spice, Byron; Watzman, Anne
A new Carnegie Mellon University study shows that online consumers are
willing to pay more when shopping at an online retailer with an
understandable and strong privacy policy. Participants in the study used a
Carnegie Mellon search engine called Privacy Finder, which automatically
evaluates a Web site's privacy policy and displays the results on a search
results page. The study found that people were more likely to buy from
online merchants with good privacy policies, as identified by Privacy
Finder, and were willing to pay about 60 cents more on a $15 purchase when
shopping at a site with a privacy policy they liked. The study, led by
Lorrie Cranor, director of the Carnegie Mellon Usable Privacy and Security
Lab, is the first to indicate that online consumers are willing to pay a
premium to protect their privacy. "People can't act on information that
they don't have or can't understand," Cranor says. Privacy Finder is a
search engine Cranor and her students developed to address the problem.
Privacy Finder uses the Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P), a technical
standard used to create machine-readable privacy policies. Cranor says
that about 10 percent of all Web sites, more than 20 percent of e-commerce
sites, and about one-third of the top 100 most-visited sites use P3P.
Privacy Finder automatically reads and evaluates the policies of Web sites
that use P3P, and displays the information as a series of colored squares
that indicate if the site's policies match the user's preferences.
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Patent Office to Test Peer Review of Computer Tech
Patents
Computerworld (06/07/07) Rosencrance, Linda
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office announced the launch of the Peer
Review Pilot, a project that is intended to improve the process of
examining applications for computer technology patents. The pilot project,
scheduled to start June 15 and run for one year, allows computer technology
experts to submit technical references related to the claims of a published
patent application before an examiner reviews the application. "Studies
have shown that when our patent examiners have the best data in front of
them, they make the correct decision," says patent office director Jon
Dudas. "Examiners, however, have a limited amount of time to find and
properly consider the most relevant information. This is particularly true
in the software-related technologies where the code is not easily
accessible and is often not dated or well-documented." Technical experts
will review and submit information on up to 250 published patent
applications. Patent applicants who volunteer for the project will be
required to give their permission for the patent office to collect
comments, because the current law prohibits the public from submitting
commentary without the permission of the applicant, according to a
statement released by the patent office.
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My Car Is Watching Me
Associated Press (06/06/07) Pearson, Ryan
Researchers and automakers are developing steering wheel and
dashboard-mounted sensors that monitor a driver's face to gain insight into
the mood and awareness of the driver in the hopes of preventing accidents.
The system works by using a computer algorithm to map the body and facial
features of the driver, primarily the eyes and mouth. The distance between
those points will change should the driver become sleepy, distracted, or
even drunk. Some examples of physical changes may be leaning backwards,
becoming slack mouthed, or eyes becoming bigger or smaller. Sensors gather
the information and combine it with data from the vehicle, including speed
and hand position on the steering wheel. Jeremy Bailenson, director of
Stanford University's Virtual Human Interaction Lab, says that with enough
advanced warning, either the car or the driver will hopefully be able to
prevent an accident. Bailenson says his research found that a system of
algorithms and sensors could increase the chance of predicting an accident
by about 30 percent. Part of the research at Stanford examines how humans
respond and interact with speaking computers, such as the ones that may
eventually warn drivers. Stanford professor Clifford Nass says that people
treat technologies like people. "So you have to use the tricks that people
would use with other people to help them do the right thing," he says.
Nass says that by being able to recognize emotion and context through
facial recognition technology, cars can respond in appropriate and helpful
ways. For example, if a driver is drowsy, the car may start an audio
program that teaches a language, forcing the driver to be more attentive.
Nass predicts that such technology will be included in consumer-ready cars
within five years, at least in Japan.
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New Record for Quantum Cryptography
Technology Review (06/08/07) Savage, Neil
The dream of secure communications based on quantum cryptography came a
little closer to realization when a team of European researchers
successfully transmitted a quantum encryption key across a distance of 144
kilometers--a new record--from a laboratory on La Palma in the Canary
Islands to an observatory on Tenerife. The scientists used the phenomenon
of quantum entanglement, in which two photons are bound together so that
they mirror each other's actions, to create the key. A powerful laser beam
was focused through a crystal, resulting in the generation of two entangled
photons for every photon that was injected into the crystal. One half of
each entangled pair was bounced off a mirror to a light detector on La
Palma, while the other photon was routed through a lens to be captured by a
telescope on Tenerife and transmitted to another detector. If the signal's
reach can be extended just slightly, the transmission of quantum-encrypted
data around the world via satellite will become feasible. The researchers'
work was detailed in the June 3 edition of the online journal Nature
Physics. The scientists are members of SECOQC, a European consortium of
about 20 groups developing secure quantum communication, and they are
planning a test of a secure system in Europe in 2008.
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Net Attack
Wall Street Journal (06/05/07) Mannes, Aaron; Hendler, James
University of Maryland Ph.D. student Aaron Mannes and Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute computer science professor James Hendler warn that
the cyberwarfare era is upon us, as evidenced by numerous incidents that
include an assault on six of the 13 "root servers" comprising the
Internet's backbone in February. Such attacks threaten the global economy,
and signify the pressing need to strengthen the Internet against criminals.
The authors note similarities between various politically charged online
attacks, such as the defacing or shuttering of prominent Estonian
commercial and government Web sites that followed the relocation of a
Soviet World War II memorial in April. These disruptions, as well as the
strike against the Internet root servers, take the form of Distributed
Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, in which malware is installed on a
computer and directed to swamp a targeted system with messages, which can
be crippling when such floods are unleashed en masse by large networks
known as botnets. DDoS attacks are becoming more frequent because the
tools to launch them are easy to acquire and use, and they are difficult to
trace given the global scope of botnet networks. Still, breaching a system
to pilfer information or launching an assault that targets real-world
infrastructure requires a hacker of substantially greater skill, and Mannes
and Hendler note that the few publicly disclosed incidents in this vein
have been perpetrated by insiders. But although botnets lack the means to
technically hamstring the Internet, they are threatening its
trustworthiness and openness through the dissemination of malicious
software and spam. The authors point out that establishing international
standards to address cybercrime while defending civil liberties is a
continuing challenge, but even more formidable is coaxing countries to
comply with these standards through the implementation and enforcement of
anti-cybercrime laws.
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Scientists Discuss Use of DNA and Information
Technology
Memphis Commercial Appeal (TN) (06/08/07) Connolly, Daniel
The 13th International Conference on DNA Computing, taking place this week
at the University of Memphis, featured discussions from computer scientists
from around the world on the next generation of computers and medicines.
The conference is based around the idea that nature is better at creating
complex systems than human beings. DNA computing was created in 1994 at
the University of Southern California when computer scientist named Len
Adleman wrote a paper outlining his efforts to use biological methods to
solve the traveling salesman puzzle, which requires finding the shortest
route between several cities. Adleman used a complex method utilizing
snippets of DNA to solve the problem, and while scientists have concluded
that DNA is not the most efficient way to solve mathematical problems,
biological elements could still be used in a process called
"self-assembly," according to University of Memphis computer science
professor and event organizer Max Garzon. He says proteins and other
biological items could be combined to create complex, tiny machines. "The
holy grail, if you wish, it to build computational devices, intelligent
devices, out of DNA molecules and other molecules," Garzon says. Duke
University graduate student Urmi Majumder, who spoke at the conference
about her research, says, "What you're doing is copying nature and building
stuff from the bottom up."
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UCF Researchers Studying How Virtual Reality Can
Influence Fire Policies
University of Central Florida (06/06/07) Binette, Chad
University of Central Florida researchers are developing a study to
examine if interactive, virtual reality simulations of wildfires will make
residents more willing to invest in fire prevention. The interactive
simulation will depict a wildfire spreading through Volusia County, Fla.
Participants will decide how much they want to invest in prescribed burns
and insurance, which will be compared to decisions made by people receiving
only written information about the danger of wildfires. Economic
researchers Glenn Harrison and Elisabet Rutstrom, electrical engineering
and computer science researcher Charles Hughes, philosophy research Stephen
Fiore, and the Institute for Simulation and Training hope the project will
demonstrate how virtual reality can be used as an effective public policy
tool that allows residents to experience the long-term effects of economic
and political decisions. "This technology could empower ordinary citizens
to make decisions that may be comparable in quality to experts' and save
society from making bad decisions," Fiore says. The National Science
Foundation provided $680,000 for the project, which is scheduled to start
simulations within six months. The entire study will take about two years,
but the first results should be available at the end of 2007. Participants
will experience 30 years simulated over the course of an hour and will
control how they view the environment, such as flying over the forest,
walking through it, or being guided on a predefined path. Hughes says he
believes these types of simulations may become common in museums,
classrooms, and other venues, especially because the cost of technology
required for such simulations has dropped significantly in recent years.
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Interactive Paper Sounds Exciting
New Scientist (06/04/07) Simonite, Tom
The next generation of paper will be interactive, according to researchers
in Sweden. Mikael Gulliksson, a researcher at Mid Sweden University in
Sundsvall, and colleagues have prototype billboards on display at the
university that play clips of music and spoken dialogue of comedians when
they are touched. The researchers used conductive inks containing
particles of silver to print touch sensors and speakers onto the paper
material of the billboards, and the interactive paper is said to be
inexpensive to assemble and easy to recycle. "We've used the roll-to-roll
methods used by industry to process paper materials," says Gulliksson.
With a 3-centimeter thick back layer of Wellboard forming its base, the
two-meter high billboards have a sheet of paper screen-printed with
conductive ink placed on the base, a second sheet with the billboard design
placed on top, and a middle conductive layer that is connected to the power
supply and simple microelectronics. A fine pattern of conductive lines of
current flow is used to make the touch sensors, and electromagnets printed
out of conductive ink and stretched over a cavity like a speaker cone
behind the billboard is used for speakers. "The result looks and feels
like paper but has electronic, interactive features," says Gulliksson.
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Japanese Robot Likes Sushi, Fears President
Reuters (06/05/07)
A research team at Japan's Meiji University's School of Science and
Technology has built a robot that is able to make 36 different facial
expressions when it hears certain words. Kansei can display expressions
that can range from happiness to sadness to anger to fear. The robot, for
example, can smile when it hears "sushi," and appear disgusted when it
hears "president." Kansei uses a program that makes word associations from
a 500,000-word online database that updates itself. A silicon face mask
covers 19 movable parts of the robot, which could hear the word
"president," then trigger the online database to find associated words such
as "Bush," "war," and "Iraq," and finally show the appropriate facial
expression. "What we are trying to do here is create a flow of
consciousness in robots so that they can make the relevant facial
expressions," says Meiji University professor and project leader Junichi
Takeno. "I believe that's going to be a key to improving communication
between humans and robots." Takeno says there are plans to provide Kansei
with speech abilities and enable the robot to convey feeling.
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Sounding Out the Future of SMC
IST Results (05/30/07)
The European Commission's Information Society Technologies (IST) research
initiative has drafted a roadmap to establish Europe as a leader in the
field of sound and music computing (SMC). Part of the Sound to Sense,
Sense to Sound project (S2S2), the roadmap identifies, characterizes, and
proposes strategies to approach the key research challenges in SMC over the
next 10 to 15 years, including uniting current fragmented efforts and
creating a common research agenda for European output. Composer Nicola
Bernadini, coordinator of the two year IST-funded S2S2 project, says SMC
research is trailing behind the music industry, and that the roadmap is
intended to show what research into SMC could provide. The roadmap
highlights five key challenges--designing better sound objects and
environments; understanding, modeling, and improving human interaction with
sound and music; training multidisciplinary researchers in a multicultural
society; improving knowledge transfer; and addressing social concerns.
Following three scenarios, the roadmap explains how SMC research will
impact European society and economies in the future. Bernadini says the
scenarios show how advances in SMC technology, such as sonic environments,
interactive music devices, and expert music companions, will change our
surroundings.
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NCSA, Library Science Receive $1.2 Million Mellon
Foundation Grant
NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) (05/31/07)
The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and the
Graduate School of Library and Information Science (GSLIS) at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign will use a $1.2 million grant
from the Mellon Foundation to make it easier for humanities researchers to
turn unstructured data into structured data. Michael Welge, the project's
chief investigator and head of the NCSA's Data Intensive Technologies and
Applications Division, says an automated tool is necessary because so much
time is spent searching for information that is not proprietary and not in
databases that can be easily searched. "Someone who wants to research 19th
century novels or the works of Cervantes has a wealth of information
available to them, but without tools to help them they'll spend a long time
searching that haystack for their particular needle," says Welge. The
NCSA/GSLIS team plans to build a Software Environment for the Advancement
of Scholarly Research (SEASR), which will allow researchers to find,
extract, analyze, and manage data. Pronounced "Caesar," the software will
be something of an extension of NCSA's D2K software and IBM's Unstructured
Information Management Architecture. The NCSA/GSLIS team will make SEASR
modular and easy to use for humanities and social science researchers. The
SEASR team believes other researchers in the sciences, engineering, and
national defense could benefit from such software, and suggests it could be
adapted to fit their needs down the road.
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We Can See Clearly Now
Government Computer News (06/04/07) Vol. 26, No. 13, Marshall, Patrick
Though face recognition technology experienced a series of failures in the
early 2000s, those setbacks prompted a focused research effort, the results
of which are now evident. Scores from the 2006 Face Recognition Vendor
Test (FRVT) were 10 times better than the scores from the previous FRVT
test in 2002. In addition, the face recognition software was found to be
more accurate than humans by the 2006 FRVT. Whereas face recognition
algorithms were originally based on single, still images of faces,
researchers today use 3D images, allowing algorithms to gather data on how
features look under various lighting conditions and viewing angles, thereby
generating more precise measurements. Microfeature analysis, the
identification of patterns in skin texture, is another valuable
development, thanks to new, higher-resolution cameras. Skin texture
patterns are so unique that even identical twins differ, making
microfeature analysis a "secondary signature" of the face, along with the
geometric signature, says Joseph Atick of L-1 Identity Solutions. Patrick
Flynn, one of the FRVT 2006 investigators and a professor at the University
of Notre Dame, notes that FRVT only assessed the technology's performance
in controlled, cooperative identification situations, throwing doubt on
whether it can function as well in uncontrolled conditions with
uncooperative subjects. At a minimum, Flynn anticipates a growing adoption
of face recognition technology in controlled surveillance situations, such
as verifying employees at the elevator.
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Applying Lean to Application Development and
Maintenance
McKinsey Quarterly (05/07) Kindler, Noah B.; Krishnakanthan, Vasantha;
Tinaikar, Ranjit
Application development and maintenance (ADM) eats up about 50 percent of
a business' average IT budget, and a reduction of staff must be
complemented by an increase in the productivity of the remaining personnel
in order to lower ADM costs while raising efficiency. The authors estimate
that applying lean manufacturing principles to ADM can yield a 20 percent
to 40 percent upgrade in efficiency and enhance the quality and speed of
execution. Such principles include flow processing, which matches input
rhythm with production flow to lower overcapacity or excess inventory;
standardization, which can be implemented to slash the waste yielded when
requirements are classified in a makeshift manner; load balancing, which
spurs the organization to deploy development staff across multiple sites,
along with outside vendors; complexity-based project segmentation that
helps managers send projects to the appropriate resources and avoids
needless overhead for simple jobs; and quality ownership that is broadened
to include the business, designers, coders, and testers. "A lean
transformation requires simultaneous changes in the technical systems
(changes to tools, methodologies, standards, and procedures), the
behavioral system (convincing staff of the value of these changes), and the
management system (new roles, metrics, and incentives to encourage the
shift)," the authors write. In the first transformation phase, the level
of waste in ADM processes is evaluated diagnostically, using interviews and
questionnaires to visualize the movement of information and materials
through the system. Once waste is uncovered, its root causes are traced
and opportunities to augment productivity are determined, and major factors
in ADM waste include the lack of a clear and effective project
prioritization methodology, and an anarchic and inefficient process for
defining project needs. Executives identify the biggest challenges of a
lean transformation as facilitating a shift in behavior, attaining a
general rather than specific focus on principles, and establishing the
proper metrics and incentives.
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