Entrepreneurs See a Web Guided by Common Sense
New York Times (11/12/06) P. 1; Markoff, John
An increasing number of computer scientists and startup companies are
dedicating themselves to adding a layer of meaning to the Internet by
mining human intelligence. The effort, known as Web 3.0 or the Semantic
Web, will make the Internet into more of a guide than a series of lists.
While some see the ideas as impossible, many believe that data mining will
one day allow predictions to be made concerning the next top song,
comprehensive personal financial management to be done by Internet
services, and in what has been called the "holy grail" of Web 3.0, the
ability for actual answers to be given to direct questions, rather than
current search results based on given terms. Nova Spivack, founder of a
company planning to pioneer Web 3.0, describes his vision as "the World
Wide Database," made possible by the documentation of the innumerable
relationships among the information, including individuals, present on the
Web. While some have in mind a new creation that will replace the Web as
we know it, others are working toward systems capable of comprehending the
information that is already present, but all are in agreement of the
commercial value of the Semantic Web. A University of Washington project
dubbed KnowItAll, for example, has developed technology called Opine that
can extract and organize product reviews posted by users. Another
KnowItAll project is working with reviews of hotels to help users find a
place to stay. University of Washington artificial-intelligence researcher
Oren Etzioni, a leader of the project, says "There is the growing
realization that text on the Web is a tremendous resource." "Smart"
systems are already implemented in the Internet today, and as W. Daniel
Hillis, a veteran AI researcher, says, "It is pretty clear that human
knowledge is out there and more exposed to machines than it ever was
before."
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Supercomputing's Next Revolution
Wired News (11/09/06) Tulloch, Paul
Graphics chips created for the consumer video game market hold the key to
the future of high-performance computing. A comparison between specialized
graphics processing units (GPUs) developed for the games industry and
all-purpose central processing units (CPUs) will be presented next week at
the SuperComputing 2006 conference by University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill researchers, and the study claims that an inexpensive parallel
data processing GPU system offers superior performance over the latest
CPU-based systems. In addition, Stanford University's Folding@Home project
is running a public beta test of software designed to tap idle graphics
processing power in Internet-linked PCs and game consoles, and as of Nov. 7
test data showed a 20-fold to 40-fold performance gain over CPUs. Heated
rivalry for high-volume and commodity applications such as computer gaming
has been the driver of GPU innovation, according to Dinesh Manocha of UNC
Chapel Hill's Gamma Research Team. Though GPUs marry the advantages of low
cost, speed, and power efficiency, they are not finding their way into
garden variety PCs because they are only suitable for operations that
involve some type of number crunching. Tricking the GPU into executing
non-graphics-based computations is a formidable challenge made all the more
difficult by the GPU's parallel processing environment. The refusal of the
leading GPU suppliers, ATI and Nvidia, to divulge key aspects of their
technology is a limiting factor.
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'Vote Flipping' Is Real, But Its Cause Is the Subject of
Debate
Computerworld (11/13/06) Weiss, Todd R.
Voters in several states said during last week's election that electronic
voting machines counted their vote for the candidate they did not select.
Charges of "vote flipping" were made in the 2004 elections as well, but the
cause of the problem remains unknown because the issue has not been
studied. Some opponents of e-voting maintain that the problem is caused by
e-voting machines, but other observers say vote-flipping could be the
result of voter error or machine calibration. Experts who believe user
error is the problem, such as Voting Technology Project co-director Ted
Selker, say voters are dragging their fingers across the touch screens
instead of tapping their selection, which is resulting in their choice of
the wrong candidate. Machine calibration could be a contributing factor as
well, and Rice University computer science professor Dan Wallach says
e-voting machine vendors may need to make bigger selection buttons and
create more distance between them on the screen. Stanford University
computer science professor David L. Dill, who rules out a vote defraud
conspiracy, says the issue needs to be investigated. "I want facts...and
all I've heard for two years is speculation," he says. For information
about ACM's e-voting activities, visit
http://www.acm.org/usacm
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ACM Group Honors Computer Security Experts
AScribe Newswire (11/08/06)
ACM's Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control (SIGSAC)
presented its top honors to Michael Schroeder of Microsoft Research and
Eugene Spafford of Purdue University during the Computer and Communications
Security Conference in Alexandria, Va., last week. Schroeder received the
SIGSAC Outstanding Innovation Award for his contributions to the
Needham-Schroeder authentication protocol, which is used in many commercial
security products today. Industry standards are based on
Needham-Schroeder, the protocol that provides mutual authentication for two
parties communicating over a network that is not secure. Schroeder was
named an ACM Fellow in 2004, while Spafford was named one in 1998. The
computer science and electrical and computer engineering professor received
the SIGSAC Outstanding Contributions Award for his participation on a
number of national panels that helped set the U.S. cybersecurity policy.
Spafford, also the chairman of the ACM's U.S. Public Policy Committee
(USACM), most recently served on the President's Information Technology
Advisory Committee (PITAC) in 2003-2005. Schroeder and Spafford received a
$1,000 prize along with the awards.
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The Software Challenges of Petascale Computing
HPC Wire (11/10/06) Vol. 15, No. 45,
Kathy Yelick, a computer science professor at the University of
California, Berkeley with a joint appointment in the Lawrence Berkeley
Lab's Computational Research Division, where she leads the Future
Technologies Group and the Berkeley Institute for Performance Studies, took
some time to explain software-related issues that arise in petascale and
other large-scale computing systems. Yelick sees software being overlooked
as a result of the push for unprecedented performance. The advancements of
hardware parallelism brought about by "multi-core processors within the
compute node and the trend towards building machines out of a larger number
of smaller compute nodes...will require a complete redesign of
applications," says Yelick. In her opinion, reliability is the greatest
challenge facing software development for large-scale computing; and while
fault-tolerant software is in the works, no solution has been found so far.
She says, "A new compiler challenge" is presented by "the presence of
heterogeneous processors...because, at the very least, they increase the
optimization space for code generation, which is already very difficult to
navigate." Although recent advancements in programming languages still
fall victim to poor machines, "one of the goals of the Berkeley UPC
compiler is to make UPC an effective language for a larger class of
machines and for less sophisticated programmers," according to Yelick. She
says that UPC is effective for petascale machines, but encounters problems
with "two-sided protocol in MPI" and the "high...barrier for entry" of an
application code, which results in a small community of programmers. In
conclusion, Yelick believes that now is the time for the HPC community to
"innovate in parallel hardware, languages, and software," in order to
manage the growth of parallelism, or otherwise fall behind.
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A Sneak Peak at a Fractured Web
Wired News (11/13/06) Anderson, Mark
The OpenNet Initiative is putting together an unprecedented report on
government censorship of the Internet, with the help of about 50 cyber law,
free speech, and network specialists from nations where censorship is known
to occur. Transparency of censorship practices vary: from Saudi Arabia
where blocked sites are listed and users are urged to recommend sites for
censorship; to countries such as Tunisia where the government uses "Page
not found" messages made to look "exactly like the Internet Explorer 404
page" to hide their censorship practices, says Elijah Zarwan, an ONI
consultant from Cairo. Some government utilize denial of service (DoS)
attacks, carried out by a third party, that allow them "some plausible
deniability," says Nart Villeneuve of the University of Toronto's Citizen
Lab. While DoS attacks primarily target opposition party sites, commercial
motives also exist for censorship: the United Arab Emirates grants a
monopoly to its telecommunications provider, therefore the government
blocks VoIP citing legal reasons. Attempts to prevent, or get around,
censorship include Web applications and browsers that hide a user's IP
address and emails sent from ever-changing addresses. While China was the
first nation to censor Internet material, many dictatorships have followed
its lead in the past five years, says Reporters Without Borders' Julien
Pain, who praises the ONI project. However, the project has its risks:
even project manager Rob Faris recognizes the danger that the project will
provide valuable information that enhances governments ability to censor
content, such as revealing Web sites that governments would want to block
but had not known about.
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Sun Picks GPL License for Java Code
CNet (11/13/06) LaMonica, Martin
Sun Microsystems today plans to release Java source code under the
Linux-friendly GPLv2 license. Both Java Platform Micro Edition and Java
Platform Standard Edition will be available. The GPL stipulates that
programmers using the open-source software must release the subsequent
application they develop as open source, although Sun is utilizing a
"classpath exception" that makes it possible for a company to limit the
software covered by the GPL. Sun's Rich Green explains that "In the case
of Java SE, we're enhancing (the GPL) with the classpath exception. So
when you're working on top or shipping applications with the (Java)
libraries and virtual machine, you're not affected by the Java license."
The open-source release of the code comes after years of Sun worrying that
such a move could cause incompatibility between "forked" models of the
code. Green says that GPL and the general respect of the current Java
product market decreases the chances of incompatibility: "GPL is the proper
forcing function," he says. " By keeping all the industry innovations
viewed and shareable, it pushes everyone toward compatibility." No
"governance" organization or formal open-source projects for Java ME or SE
have been created by Sun, because as Green says, "We will be very active in
these communities but we don't want to prescribe the outcome."
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Putting the Smarts Into Your Mobile Life
IST Results (11/10/06)
An IST project known as CASCOM is working on providing context-aware
applications on portable devices using the Semantic Web, intelligent
agents, intelligent P2P networks, GPS, and other technologies. The CASCOM
platform will enable users to locate and contact a doctor, or plan and book
travel, as well as many other tasks. Project contributor Oliver Keller, of
the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, says that, "In
general, P2P offers flexibility, mobility, autonomy, fault tolerance, and
scalability. Users can join, leave, or rejoin the system at any time and
any place, using the mobile or desktop devices of their choice." However,
he says the software "infrastructure parts of the system can be distributed
and also be moved when required. Thus, a couple of standard PCs,
notebooks, or even PDAs can host the CASCOM systems as well as a dedicated
sever." Keller further explains that services developed will utilize
"automatic reasoning on formal logics of information retrieval methods,"
and that "collaboration of individual agents, employing methods and
protocols from multi-agent systems" will bring about "overall intelligent
behavior." Health care is a primary target for Keller; as the technologies
involved in the CASCOM project have already made an impact in the field,
and will continue to improve accessibility.
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Girls Want More Than to Sit at a PC
Financial Times Digital Business (11/08/06) P. 5
Developing countries have been more successful in encouraging girls to
pursue careers in information technology than in the U.S. and the U.K. "In
emerging markets, where you have a higher percentage living in undeserved
areas and where they need jobs, girls see IT as a great opportunity to
enter the global marketplace," says Tae Yoo, VP of corporate affairs at
Cisco, whose Network Academy Program has nearly double the percentage of
girls in India as in the U.S., 30 percent versus 15 percent. Programs have
been devised in subjects that are found to interest preteen girls, the age
where most lose interest in technology; these include music, fashion, and
design. In one project, made possible by e-skills U.K.'s Computer Club for
Girls, 11-year-olds designed new school uniforms, developed a business case
to present the uniform changes to the administration, and created a Web
site to sell the new uniforms to parents. "For girls, the opportunity to
see technology as a way to solve problems they can identify with real human
problems is very appealing," says Wendy Hawkins, director of Intel's
educations programs. The problem has never been aptitude: annual Siemens
math, science, and technology competition in the U.S. has just as many
girls as boys and girls have won either the team or individual award for
six of the past seven years; but getting them to consider IT as a career is
a greater challenge. Microsoft's DigiGirlz summer camps aims to do this by
showing girls that work in IT is more than sitting in front of a computer,
by stressing creativity and teamwork, because as Hawkins says, "It's
difficult to picture a career with a living wage that you can imagine a
girl doing 10 years from now that is not immersed in IT." To learn about
ACM's Committee on Women in Computing,
visit
http://women.acm.org
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Robot Learning to Grasp Everyday Chores
Stanford Report (11/08/06) Lee, Brian D.
Stanford scientists are working on a robot that is capable of figuring out
and performing everyday tasks. "Within a decade we hope to develop
technology that will make it useful to put a robot in every home and
office," says Andrew Ng, an assistant professor of computer science who is
leading the wireless Stanford Artificial Intelligence Robot (STAIR)
project. The four tasks being used to test and tweak the robot are:
cleaning up a living room after a party, retrieving a person or object from
an office when verbally commanded, taking guests through a dynamic
environment, and putting an IKEA bookshelf together using a variety of
tools. "Imagine you are having a dinner party at home and having your
robot come in and tidy up your living room, finding the cups that your
guests left behind your couch, picking up and putting away your trash, and
loading the dishwasher," says Ng. The project requires artificial
intelligence that combines speech processing, navigation, manipulation,
planning, reasoning, machine learning, and vision. STAIR's most important
aim is the development of an algorithm that gives the robot the ability to
see a new object and figure out the best way to pick it up, partially based
on past objects it has picked up. Ng believes that if such a robot can be
deployed, it "will free up vast amounts of human time and enable us to go
to higher goals."
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What the Democrats' Win Means for Tech
CNet (11/09/06) McCullagh, Declan
With the Democratic takeover of the House and apparent takeover of the
Senate, technology issues such as Net neutrality could be addressed
promptly. Previously, under the GOP dominated Congress, Net neutrality
legislation failed to pass, with an 11-11 vote at the committee level in
the Senate, with all but one republican voting against the measure, and
similar failure was experienced in the House. Rep. John Dingell (D-Mich.),
who will most likely be the next House Energy and Commerce Committee, which
writes telecommunication laws, says, "Clearly, we're going to have to
address the question of network neutrality." He calls the charging of
content providers for optimum placement and faster transmission by network
operators "private taxation of the Internet." Network operators claim that
this revenue is needed to recoup investments in new broadband
infrastructure. Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), the next speaker of the
House, says, "Without Net neutrality, the current experience of the
Internet users enjoy...is in jeopardy." Meanwhile, Bush's push for
Congress to pass data retention laws requiring Internet companies to track
customers' activities will most likely meet opposition from the newly
Democratic Congress, and Rep. Ed Markey (D-Mass.) is likely to push for
greater privacy protection. Digital copyright issues are also likely to
receive more attention, as many of the big Hollywood content creators are
major Democratic boosters. However, Hollywood's efforts to pass "broadcast
flag" legislation to prevent digital TV privacy have met with bi-partisan
opposition so far.
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Grad Students Receive Funding for High-Tech Research
Projects
ITBusiness.ca (11/07/06) Sutton, Neil
Canadian graduate students pursuing research in robotics and intelligent
systems technologies have received a total of $405,000 from Ottawa-based
non-profit Precarn. In all, 54 graduate students from 16 universities each
obtained $7,500 to proceed with projects that range from improving
artificial intelligence in video games to enhancing the resolution of MRI
medical images. Precarn says the funding serves as a supplement to the
primary scholarship that the graduate student has received. At Dalhousie
University in Halifax, Hilmi Gunes Kayacik, who is pursuing a Ph.D. in
computer science, is developing security software that will be more in tune
with the thought process of a hacker. Rather than making responses to
attacks on the foundation of the application, the software will make use of
evolutionary computation models that will allow it to predict future
hacking strategies and respond to them as they are attempted for the first
time. And at the University of Alberta, Rimon Mikhaiel, who is also
working toward a Ph.D. in computer science, is developing software that
will provide a deeper analysis of RNA molecules, and serve as a prediction
tool for those who are looking into the structure of newly discovered
molecules. "By [comparing] old viruses to new ones, we can anticipate what
would be a good cure," says Mikhaiel.
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Face of Things to Come in Robots
Dallas Morning News (11/07/06) Godinez, Victor
David Hanson believes that the market for personal robots is about to take
a significant step forward on the strength of advances in technology and a
better understanding of what people want in a robot. Hanson, a doctoral
student at the University of Texas at Dallas (UTD), recently won a $1.5
million grant to commercialize the humanoids he is developing. Hanson
describes his product as a "consumer character bot," more than a simple
novelty or toy. He is not a believer in the "uncanny valley" theory, which
states that people are not comfortable around robots that look very human.
Rather, he thinks that realistic robots are useless unless they are
indistinguishable from people; for example, he has been working on a
Phillip K. Dick robot. Specializing in the face, which he calls "the weak
link for conversational robots," Hanson uses skin-like "frubber" and
numerous motors to perfect facial movement and expression. Currently, a
life-sized robot would cost around $130,000, but Hanson thinks mass
production could bring the price down to $2,000, and smaller droids to
$300. He also thinks that the first of his robots could walk off the
assembly line as soon as six months from now. Dr. Mihai Nadin, who holds
the Ashbel Smith Professorship in Interactive Arts, technology, and
Computer Science at UTD, says robots such as Hanson's could have very
practical uses, such as helping the elderly to follow doctor's orders at
home by taking their medicine as scheduled.
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Spintronics Approach Advances Toward Live Chips
EE Times (11/06/06)No. 1448, P. 38; Johnson, Colin R.
A technique known as bipolar spintronics may be the key to using
spintronics in standard silicon chips. Bipolar spintronics uses spin
carriers of both polarities (electrons and holes), as opposed to devices
such as MRAMs that use unipolar spin. Researchers have successfully
injected electrons with spin into silicon chips using a ferromagnetic
semiconductor junction with silicon. MRAMs have already shown how
magnetic spin can be electrically stored in silicon semiconductors, and the
junction recently demonstrated shows how spin-polarized electrons can be
injected into silicon. Igor Zutic, a professor at the State University of
New York at Buffalo, and two colleagues have developed a "cookbook" of
proposed methods for spin injection into silicon, which among other things,
should give scientists a blueprint for electrically identifying
spin-polarized electrons that will give way to a new generation of
spintronic devices, with the first devices working in 2007, says Zutic.
While his theoretical work, called the spin-voltaic effect, has been shown
to work in gallium arsenide, Zutic claims that his collaborators at the
University of Tohuko (Japan) are aiming to do the same thing in silicon
structures by next year.
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UB Researchers Work Today on the 'Electricity of
Tomorrow'
The Spectrum Online (11/08/06) Pellegrino, Melanie
Nanotech sensors capable of pinpointing power outages in real time, and
thus easing their repair, are being developed by University of Buffalo
scientists. Currently, electrical crews have to go street-by-street
searching for the location of the problem causing an outage, but the tiny,
wireless transistors will save time and prevent people from being left
without power and heat for very long. Not only can they monitor an
electrical system, but the sensors can alert the utility companies if they
are damaged or malfunctioning themselves. The only thing holding back the
implementation of these sensors is funding and research, says W. James
Sarjeant, the UB Energy Systems institute chair. Researchers are confident
that this technology will be the future of electricity, replacing the
current four feet tall and four feet wide transistors. "There's not a lot
of downsides [to the new sensors]," says Albert Titus, an electrical
engineering professor and researcher for the project. Titus says the
sensors could also be used to detect natural disasters. Sarjeant says the
sensors could even be used to monitor electrical systems running on AC 120
volt of above power, such as HDTV's, refrigerators, medical systems, and
emergency response equipment. "It's very difficult to get people to accept
new technology. It's based on a larger picture," says Cemal Basaran, BU
professor of civil, structural, and environmental engineering, and a
researcher on the project.
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Internet Governance: It's Like an Arranged
Marriage
Guardian Unlimited (UK) (11/09/06) McCarthy, Kieren
A majority of participants at the first-ever Internet Governance Forum
outside Athens said the event outstripped their expectations. Prior, there
was no certainty that the event would ever be repeated, especially given
its birth at a contentious World Summit in Tunis last year and the fact
that the four-day conference was organized not to make policy decisions
regarding Internet governance but simply to discuss the issue. So when
representatives from both Lithuania and Azerbaijan requested that the 2010
event be hosted in their respective countries, attendees knew that
naysayers had been silenced. About twice the expected number of
participants showed up for the event, which was hit by a shutdown of its
wireless network during the first two days, a lack of food, and
consternation among some government officials over questions pertaining to
online censorship. But in the end, emerging from the forum was a push by
the OECD to create a global coalition to fight spam, a stated commitment
for open standards, and a determination to establish the "Internet Bill of
Rights." Event organizer Nitin Desai of the U.N. likened the forum to an
arranged marriage. "The first meeting between the boy and the girl, they
are scoping each other out, so the conversation tends to cover everything,"
he said. "And at the second and the third meeting they start talking about
more specific things. And it is some time before they actually start
holding hands. So let's just treat this as a first meeting where people
have just gotten to know one another and maybe it will lead to
marriage."
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Petascale Storage May Trickle Down to You
Computerworld (11/08/06) Anthes, Gary
Computer scientists at three universities and five Department of Energy
(DOE) laboratories have collaborated to create the Petascale Data Storage
Institute (PDSI), with the help of a five-year, $11 million dollar grant
from the DOE. "The overall goal is to make storage more efficient,
reliable, secure, and easier to manage in systems with tens or thousands of
petabytes of data spread across tens of thousands of disk drives, possibly
used by tens of thousands of clients," says Ethan Miller, a computer
science professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Problems
that the researchers will take on include: disk access times have fallen
behind disk capacity; as the number of disks used by a system goes up, so
does the chance of one failing; after a disk fails, those charged with
restoring data are at a greater risk of failing because they are working
harder. "The use of high-performance computer clusters in many commercial
applications, [such as] oil and gas, semiconductors and biotechnology, is
growing substantially," says Garth Gibson, principal investigator for the
PDSI and a professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He points out that
companies are more commonly using supercomputers to boost revenue.
"High-performance computing is not so much about cost reduction as it is
about improving the quality of products," Gibson says.
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Ballot Roulette
Science News (11/04/06) Vol. 170, No. 19, P. 298; Weiss, Peter
Improved methods for voting reliably and securely are being investigated
by mathematicians and computer scientists whose forte is encryption.
Simplifying programs used in touch-screen voting systems is one method
proposed by a research team at an August voting-technology meeting in
Canada; the process involves the election officials mocking up all possible
ballot screens in advance, and having the voting machine display the
screens and record voters' responses on Election Day. A second research
team suggested that an election district's central computers could be made
more secure by a cheap device that stops incoming messages, permitting data
to move only from the secure election machines to the outside. Harvard
University's Ben Adida and MIT's Ronald Rivest have designed a
cryptographic voting process, Scratch & Vote, that uses paper ballots to
enable voters to check that their votes were properly recorded while also
allowing observers to test the accuracy of the vote tallying without
infringing on voter privacy. Scratch & Vote involves the use of a
perforated ballot with voting boxes on one side and candidates' names on
the other; once a ballot is marked, each voter removes and destroys the
portion with the candidate names, and then feeds the other portion, which
has an encrypted version of the names and the order in which they are
arranged, into an optical scanner that records the vote. The voter retains
that portion as a paper receipt, offering incontestable documentation of
the ballot. The Punchscan cryptographic method, meanwhile, features
scannable ballots with a pair of layers that voters mark with ink daubers.
Either layer can be kept by voters without revealing their selections.
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The Firefox Kid
IEEE Spectrum (11/06) Vol. 43, No. 11, P. 26; Kushner, David
Blake Ross is co-founder of the Mozilla Firefox project, which developed
one of the most popular open-source Web browsers in the world through its
ability to offer Web surfers more safety and security than Microsoft's
Internet Explorer. For an encore, Ross is trying to vastly simplify the
process of storing and sharing content online by developing a coherent tool
for such a purpose; the tool, called Parakey, is designed to be mostly or
completely open source, and it differs from Firefox by being constructed
around a for-profit business model. Parakey will use a single interface to
unify the Web and desktop user experiences. Parakey has the appearance of
an ordinary Web site, which can be edited, and its many potential
capabilities stem from its design to run locally on a home computer. A
user who wishes to share his or her content with others can use Parakey to
transmit a digital "key" to whomever they wish to have access; this key
features a unique identifier, and upon clicking on the key's icon the
recipients install a cookie that contains the identifier so they can access
content. Using Parakey involves downloading a core application with
software that turns the computer into a local server, and Ross and
programming partner Joe Hewitt have created a Parakey programming language
called JUL to enable independent developers to produce Parakey
applications. A single Parakey application is supposed to be initially
rolled out to demonstrate its potential, and outside developers will be
courted following the provision of a scalable infrastructure; without
revealing any specifics, Ross says ad revenues in Parakey will come in a
different manner from the way they do in Google. Ross' universal interface
aims to eliminate the many hurdles users must currently jump over to post
and manipulate their content on the Web.
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