Glitches in State Databases Could Turn Away Voters
Computerworld (11/06/06) Songini, Marc
The November 7 elections will mark the first use of a centralized voter
database in a general election in Florida and many other states. These
databases are governed by state selection officials in accordance with the
Help America Vote Act. However, the databases require that new-voter
information match information in other databases, such as the Department of
Motor Vehicles, says Dianne Wheatley-Giliotti, president of the League of
Women Voters of Florida (LWVF). The databases were compiled quickly,
providing IT workers minimal time for proper training. Leon County, Fla.,
has the benefit of having previously used a database system on which the
new system was built, so IT personnel there will be better prepared, but
according to Ion Sancho, head of elections for the county, "Other counties
don't know all the ins and outs." Discrepancies, such as "Bill" in one
database and "William" in another, would mean that this voter would receive
a provisional ballot, and would need to furnish proper documentation within
three days; contrary to the belief of many that a voter in this position
would simply be sent home, says a spokeswoman for Florida Secretary of
State Sue Cobb. Some ineligible voters have been sent warnings, but many
will find out at the poll site. Justin Levitt, associate counsel with the
democracy program at New York University School of Law's Brennan Center for
Justice, cites Ohio's eligibility practices that are quite unclear,
explaining, "Where the systems are less transparent, there's greater reason
for concern." The provisional ballot is meant to assuage voters' fears
concerning ineligibility, but LWVF's Wheatley Giliotti sees it as yet
another obstacle for a shrinking pool of voters to negotiate. To read
USACM's report on "Statewide Databases of Registered Voters,"
visit
http://www.acm.org/usacm/VRD
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NASA Science and Engineering Achievements to Be
Featured
SpaceRef.com (11/02/06)
The Supercomputing 2006 (SC06) conference will give attendees an
opportunity to learn how NASA is using high-end computing resources to
accomplish its science and engineering goals. For example, the space
agency will demonstrate how supercomputing systems helped develop a new
Crew Launch Vehicle, which will be used to send astronauts into space.
Among other demonstrations, NASA will show how high-end computing has
enabled the agency to simulate and visualize gravitational waves resulting
from a collision between two black holes. "Experience throughout the
agency has shown that high-end computing resources are essential to helping
meet NASA mission goals," says Rupak Biswas, chief of the NASA Advanced
Supercomputing Division at Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley. "We are
excited to be showing some high-impact science and engineering results
generated on NASA's high-end computing systems, including the Columbia
supercomputer--one of the world's largest, most capable production
supercomputers." ACM is a co-sponsor of the International Conference for
High-Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis, which is
scheduled for Nov. 11-17, 2006, at the Convention Center in Tampa. SC06,
which will have more than 250 research and industry booths, is expected to
draw more than 10,000 visitors in industry, academia, and government from
across the globe. For more information about SC06, or to register, visit
http://sc06.supercomputing.org
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Building the Government's Translation Machine, One Year
at a Time
Associated Press (11/04/06) Bergstein, Brian
DARPA is using competition between three research teams to encourage the
creation of the best possible text and speech translation machine for
Chinese and Arabic. Teams from IBM, BBN Technologies, and SRI
International are now beginning their second year of work on the project,
after each successfully met the standard of 75 percent accuracy of
translation required after the first year. The project known as Global
Autonomous Language Exploitation (GALE) is more complex than anything BBN
has taken on before, according to researcher Owen Kimball. DARPA's goal is
to have 90 percent to 95 percent translation ability in both languages by
2010; such a level of interpretation may even exceed even that of humans.
Huge pools of sample speech are fed into the computers, which analyze
structure and content, adding this information to its library of how words
are spoken as well as rules for each language. The work of researchers
consists almost completely of tweaking algorithms, and the chance of
decreasing the computers translation ability does exist. "It's sort of
trial and error guided by intuition and some knowledge," says BBN's
Schwartz. The next yearly test, after which one team will probably be
eliminated, will require a higher degree of accuracy over a high percentage
of a document, and batches of bad translation will not be averaged away.
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Robots Are Your Friends---or They Will Be
ABC News (11/03/06) Poland, Annabella
Experts foresee robots playing a large role in our everyday lives,
performing tasks such as housework or providing security, by 2031. "The
robot would be able to bathe people, help them dress, feed them...without
making people feel they have lost their privacy and dignity," says Jun Ho
Oh, a professor at the Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
at the National University of Korea who has built a robot named Albert that
can conduct conversations and even express intricate facial expressions.
One of Oh's goals is to develop the ability for robots to sense human
intentions and serve them without being explicitly commanded. However,
right now, Oh says, "An unstable robot could easily cause involuntary harm,
and these are the issues that still need [to be] resolve[d]." David
Hanson, of Hanson Robotics, has been enlisted by Oh to develop Albert's
face. He sees compassion as necessary for a safe robot: "Without
compassion and human emotions, robots could be come sociopaths." Another
robot, named Grace, has successfully navigated through a conference and
interacted with people, trying to discern their intentions so that she can
act in a appropriate manner, explains Marek Michalowski, a Ph.D. student at
Carnegie Mellon University who works on human interaction with Grace. A
third robot, named Quasi, was built at Carnegie Mellon's Entertainment
Technology Center to research how characters can be built to be emotionally
expressive and personable. He has eyelids that can move, and antennae and
eyes that can change color to show emotion. Interactions between test
subjects and Quasi have been successful, even yielding a strong emotional
connection, according to the CMU team.
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E-Voting, As It Advances, Faces Big Risks
Baseline (11/03/06) Hertzberg, Robert
The Defense Department's Interim Voting Assistance System is the latest
electronic voting initiative to come under fire from critics who are
concerned about voting security risks. Former ACM President Barbara Simons
criticized IVAS in a paper in late October, questioning whether the complex
program was hastily put together from June 15 through Sept. 1. Simons is
also concerned about the Pentagon's decision not to implement encrypted
email for the system. Having overseas military personnel send their votes
via unencrypted email could make soldiers victims of identity thieves or
hackers and foreign governments who want to tamper with the vote count.
"I'm personally offended that people who are fighting and dying for our
country are being told they have to give up their right to vote in secret,"
she says. Meanwhile, Simons says the security measures implemented by
e-voting system manufacturers such as Diebold Election Systems will not be
enough to safeguard elections because the companies are only addressing
problems they know about. She says, "You can fix the problems you know
about. But somebody's going to attack you at your weak point, on something
you haven't thought about." Barbara Simons was co-chair of the USACM
e-voting committee that produced the recent report: "Statewide Databases of
Registered Voters;"
http://www.acm.org/usacm/VRD
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US Losing IT Edge, Expert Says
ITworldcanada.com (10/27/06) Arellano, Nestor E,
U.S. production of technology professionals is suffering as a result of
education shortcomings and government policies, says SAS Institute CEO Dr.
James Goodnight. "At a time when we are experiencing massive economic
expansion, our schools are not graduating as many high school students as
we're supposed to," says Goodnight. A study by Achieve found that only 69
percent of American students graduated from high school last year.
Goodnight says, "Children need to be challenged and exposed to tools that
have relevance to them." Thornton May, an IT futurist and executive
director and dean of the IT Leadership Academy, says the failure to rapidly
and comprehensively change teaching methods around market realities is to
blame for America's shortcomings. He recommends American universities
"emulate Canadian universities such as McGill and Waterloo, which without a
doubt, are North America's leading source of IT talent." May adds that
these schools, unlike American schools, ensure "humanity," the ability to
work with others, in IT students. According to the Global Competitive
Index of the World Economic Forum, North America ranks third with 21
percent, behind Asia with 36 percent, and Europe with 28 percent, in
Internet use last year. In addition to that of Europe and Asia, growth in
the Middle East, Africa and Latin America supports the fear of SAS senior
VP Jim Davis: "If we don't speed up our ability to innovate there are a lot
of hungry regions out there who would be glad to take our position."
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Computers Boost Surgical Success
University at Buffalo Reporter (11/02/06) Vol. 38, No. 10, Fryling, Kevin
High-performance computers, using pattern recognition and visual
processes, are providing neurosurgeons with real-time planning of
operations. MRI and CT scans have been used to map the brain for the
surgeon, but these images taken hours earlier do not truly display the
brain as it is during surgery. "The problem is that the brain structure
moves," as a result of cerebrospinal fluid being lost after the incision is
made, says Vipin Chaudhary, associate professor of computer science and
engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. "And different
structures move at different rates because the brain is not homogeneous.
There's no reason, with today's technology, that surgeries should go on the
way they do," he explains. Chaudhary's research team includes about 30
members, comprised of electrical engineers, computer scientists,
bioengineers, and neurosurgeons. Brain scans are even made available to
neurosurgeons via PDAs, allowing them to pre-plan an upcoming operation.
He is currently designing and building high-performance
computational-accelerator platforms and associated software that he says
are superior to supercomputers available today. By using reconfigurable
processes, graphics processors, and floating-point processors, as well as
traditional PCs, he says that, "This will enable an
order-of-magnitude-better performance with less power and space
requirements for specific applications."
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IT Industry Hopes for Change After Midterms
InfoWorld (11/06/06) Roberts, Paul F.
This week's elections could serve as the catalyst that prompts lawmakers
to take up more meaningful legislation that would impact the technology
industry. Thus far, lobbyists for the information technology industry have
been disappointed that the 109th Congress has not addressed the issue of
H-1B visas, funding for R&D, or reforms at the U.S. Patent Office. Earlier
in the year, for example, the Senate decided to add H-1B visa reforms to an
immigration bill, which failed to pass when the House compromise
legislation was put on hold in favor of pursuing immigration reform.
Nonetheless, the tech industry still believes there is a chance Congress
will pass legislation raising the cap on the H-1B visa program during the
lame duck session after the elections. They are also optimistic that
lawmakers will move to restore funding for R&D after the elections.
Although industry officials did not want to talk about whether a Congress
that was controlled by Democrats would help IT, one lobbyist said
Democratic representatives from Silicon Valley and Route 128 near Boston
would be beneficial.
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E-Voting: Dispatch From the Future
Washington Post (11/05/06) P. B1; Dreschler, Wolfgang
Estonia conducted the world's first nationwide online election on October
16, 2005, which came off without a hitch. Ever since claiming independence
following the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, Estonia has been dedicated
to integrating technology into society, including chip-based ID cards with
digital signatures carried by citizens and more sophisticated e-banking
system than the U.S. The rate of Internet use is 60 percent, compared with
70 percent in the U.S. Voters had the choice of voting over the Internet,
or actually coming to the polls, and online voters were given the option of
a paper ballot in order to confirm their vote. Only 2 percent of voters
did so online, yet the Reform Party, whose members are considered the most
tech-savvy, did better among online voters than traditional voters, while
the less tech-savvy Center Party did better among traditional voters. The
only problem encountered was the need for e-voters to buy an ID-card reader
(about $15) and install it using software that many found difficult to use.
Estonia is planning to use e-voting in its 2007 parliamentary elections.
Although the option of voting over the Internet did not appear to boost
voter turnout in Estonia's election, it's likely that the parties that
attract more tech-savvy users will benefit, a fact that has implications as
more and more countries inevitably move to e-voting in the future. For
more on ACM's e-voting activities, visit
http://www.acm.org/usam
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Quantum Coherence Possible in Incommensurate Electronic
Systems
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (11/02/06) Kloeppel, James E.
New research from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign indicates
quantum coherence in electronic systems is not disrupted at nanoscale when
electrons are diverted or scattered. The finding helps move researchers a
step closer to developing a quantum device, considering quantum coherence
and interference phenomena are key factors in nanoscale devices. The
researchers studied electron fringe structure in silver films on highly
doped silicon substrates, which were lattice mismatched and incommensurate.
Nonetheless, the wave functions were compatible and could be matched over
the interface plane, producing a coherent state throughout the entire
system, according to physics professor Tai-Chang Chiang. The fringes
represent the electronic states extending over the silver film as a quantum
well and into the silicon substrate as a quantum slope, coupled in a
coherent manner through the incommensurate interface structure. The
research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Science
Foundation, and the Petroleum Research Fund. "An important conclusion
drawn from the present study is that coherent wave function engineering, as
is traditionally carried out in lattice-matched epitaxial systems, is
possible for incommensurate systems, which can substantially broaden the
selection of materials useful for coherent device architecture," say the
researchers.
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World Internet Conference Near Athens Ends With Promise
and Concern for Future
Associated Press (11/02/06) Gatopoulos, Derek
The first Internet Governance Forum near Athens, Greece, concluded this
week with hope but no definitive answers to the issues discussed. At the
conference, the International Telecommunication Union renewed its call for
the internalization of Internet governance, and ICANN announced the final
stage of testing of technology that will allow the use of non-Latin
characters in Web addressed. Also at the event, Amnesty International,
pointing a finger at China, Vietnam, Syria, and Iran, warned against online
censorship and accused companies such as Google of complicity. ICANN
Chairman Vint Cerf, a Google vice president, said that although Google was
not exactly proud of its enabling of censorship, its technology is helping
the Chinese. "Google has offered service in conditions we don't like...but
it's (one) of those games of patience where you just keep pushing like
water eroding rock," Cerf said. Highlighted as a key issue for the next
scheduled forum meeting in Rio de Janeiro to address was Internet and
network security. "Most national infrastructures--water, electricity,
nearly everything else--is based on networking," said David Belanger, chief
scientist of AT&T Labs. "Right now they're probably based on more
classical networks, which are far more closed. But since nearly all
communications networks are moving to (Internet technologies) over time, I
think that we will have to be extraordinarily careful in trying to create
nearly bulletproof networks."
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The Yin and Yang of Understanding Data
HPC Wire (11/03/06) Vol. 15, No. 44,
The upcoming SC06 supercomputing conference in Tampa, Fla., will feature
an overview of the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC)
Visualization and Analytics Center for Enabling Technologies (VACET)
project, which the Department of Energy's Office of Science announced in
September. Project co-leader and director of the Scientific Computing
Institute of the University of Utah Wes Bethel claims that analytics is
nearly impossible to define, but "to me, analytical reasoning means being
able to draw conclusions based on hypothesis testing and the exploration or
large, complex, and occasionally incomplete data." Bethel says
visualization and analytics complement each other, but cannot be completely
separated: "Visualization helps accelerate analytics by relying on humans
vast cognitive processing abilities, the 'yin' side of data understanding,"
he explains. "Analytics gives hard, quantifiable measures, and is the
'yang' side of data understanding." These tools are used to find
"relationships between cause and effect in a highly complex systems that
produces many terabytes worth of data," according to Bethel. Today's
computers are capable of producing data faster than anything can be done
with it, a state which he calls an "information big bang." Two
pre-existing open source efforts in visualization will be used to deploy
new technologies, says Bethel: "The VisIT application from LLNL...[that]
perform[s] parallel and distributed visualization and analysis of ASCI's
large datasets, including those from BlueGene/L;" and the SCIrun, a
University of Utah application that "provid[es] both domain-specific
visualization applications as well as infrastructure and supporting
visualization research." For more information about SC06, or to register,
visit
http://sc06.supercomputing.org
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Software Adds Smarts to Sensor Nets
EE Times (10/30/06)No. 1447, P. 18; Wirbel, Loring
A University of California at Berkeley team that produced the TinyOS
embedded operating system has created a company that will provide software
intelligence to wireless sensor networks. The company, known as Arch Rock,
will offer the Primer Pack environment that builds on middleware work done
by Berkeley on three generations of "motes," which are sensor nodes
designed into meshes that employ TinyOS 2 for self-discovery and
monitoring. "We have developed TinyOS and TinyDB environments, but we
intend to be responsible members of the open source community, which is
important as open-source tools move into the industrial and factory
automation worlds," says CEO Roland Arca. Companies are taking advantage
of the opportunity to use the software for motes without adopting Arch
Rock's hardware: "We have been using the Layer 7 features of primer pack
first, because we have our own custom motes," says Bikash Sabuta, chief
technology officer of Aginova, a system integrator that develops software
for wireless sensor nets. Sensor nets often exist in their own realm, so
addressability using IP addresses or higher-layer service-oriented
architecture tools have not been a goal in the past; but this must change
if sensor networks are going to contribute to the IT infrastructure. The
system's nodes can be used for sensing environmental characteristics such
as temperature, light, and humidity. Simple high-layer commands are
capable of rapidly altering conditions, for example, turning on a light as
a door opens.
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The Future of Engineering
Electronic Design (10/20/06) Vol. 54, No. 23, P. 45; Schneiderman, Ron
Despite a risky outlook for engineering employment, the U.S. Labor
Department's Bureau of Labor Statistics' 10-year employment forecast
predicts that eight of the top 30 occupations by growth rate will be in
engineering and computer science, while network systems,
data-communications analysis, and computer software engineers will have the
strongest demand through 2014. Demand for technical professionals with
security clearances is also projected to be very strong, while wireless
technologies represent another lucrative opportunity for engineers. Most
respondents to Electronic Design's 2006 Reader Profile Survey listed
alternative power as the technology area in greatest need of higher
government research and development funding, followed by nanotechnology,
homeland security, broadband infrastructures, and robotics; respondents
also said there must be more investment in exposing people to engineering
in primary schooling. The lack of engineering education in elementary and
high school is a sticking point, and efforts to remedy this situation
include the IEEE Center for Pre-University Engineering Education. The
jettisoning of federal R&D support in favor of wholly private research was
favored by Hewlett-Packard Distinguished Technologist J.P. Miller, who
argued that private research is more creative. Increasingly sophisticated
wireless products are cultivating alliances between competing companies in
order to facilitate the pooling of resources needed to develop such
technologies. The impending retirement of many baby boomers in the
engineering sector could lead to a drain of important knowledge as well as
mentors of future engineers, and bridging this knowledge gap is the goal of
a collaborative venture of the Computing Technology Industry Association,
AARP, and other groups in the Alliance for an Experienced Workforce.
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No Help in Sight?
InfoWorld (10/30/06) Vol. 28, No. 44, P. 25; Roberts, Paul F.
U.S. government agencies and enterprises are under siege by hackers who
have the organization, creativity, and business savvy to wreak havoc and
steal sensitive data while not necessarily having a highly technical
background, thanks to outfits that make and sell hacker toolkits and
develop business partner programs to aid such criminals. These miscreants
often launch incursions within networks so low-key as to be hardly
noticeable, raising doubts about the effectiveness of signature-based
security products. "With spear phishing and [zero-day] vulnerabilities
there's really no perimeter," notes SANS Institute research director Alan
Paller. "And once somebody's in, if nobody is watching, this stuff spreads
like a metastasis." To combat such threats will require investment in "out
of the box" or often glossed-over technologies and processes such as secure
coding and insider-threat detection, according to security experts. IT
personnel must grow proficient in how attackers exploit software
vulnerabilities in programs to infiltrate the network and steal
information, and understanding network "physics" can help spot such
attacks, according to Intrusic co-founder Peiter Zatko. The most realistic
cyber-defense strategy is to discourage hackers by making attacks
increasingly expensive, and the best starting point for such a strategy is
to correct obvious problems. Companies should determine their most
critical assets before investing in security technology, while experts
agree that the most effective defense is to debug software at the code
level; but software quality remains a difficult issue to address, says Ron
Ritchey with Booz Allen Hamilton. "Once you get past a couple hundred
thousand lines of code, the complexity reaches a point where
understandability goes out window," he says.
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Rage Against the Machine
Fortune (11/13/06) Vol. 154, No. 10, P. 84; Gimbel, Barney
Diebold has been demonized for the insecurity and unreliability of its
voting machines, but while the company attempts to extricate itself from
the resulting firestorm of controversy, Diebold CEO Thomas Swidarski
chiefly blames ignorance as the culprit. "We didn't know a whole lot about
the elections business when we went into it," he explains. "Here we are, a
bunch of banking folks thinking making voting machines would be similar to
making ATMs. We've learned some pretty painful lessons." Diebold's
election business windfall came with the passage of the Help America Vote
Act, a mandate to modernize voting systems; as demand for product peaked,
Diebold's Global Electronic Systems subsidiary, a maker of touch-screen
voting machines, was swamped with orders and suffered from a lack of
technical skill. In addition, the machines' software was flawed from the
outset, and a lack of demand prior to the Help America Vote Act discouraged
Global from investing heavily in software development. The disclosure of
the Diebold systems' security vulnerabilities in 2003 ignited widespread
suspicion of electronic voting, and Diebold became a scapegoat as charges
of lying, misleading clients, and withholding information were leveled
against it in a highly publicized lawsuit. The appointment of Swidarski as
head of Diebold's elections business and later its CEO was accompanied by
the dismissal of many Global staffers and leading executives, but despite
healthy profits and stock performance since Swidarski's assumption of
duties, Diebold's voting machines are still stigmatized because experts
such as Princeton's Edward Felten continue to find software bugs. Though
Diebold and other experts do not agree with the results of hacking
experiments such as Felten's, there is agreement that Diebold is still
woefully ignorant of security issues such as election fraud by insiders.
In the meantime, Swidarski is considering whether Diebold should remain in
the elections business. For more on ACM's e-voting activities, visit
http://www.acm.org/usam
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Technologies That Make You Smile: Adding Humor to
Text-Based Applications
IEEE Intelligent Systems (10/06) Vol. 21, No. 5, P. 33; Mihalcea, Rada;
Strapparava, Carlo
The automatic recognition, generation, or use of humor has been almost
totally ignored by human-computer interaction research, and University of
North Texas computer science professor Rada Mihalcea and Istituto per la
ricerca scientifica e Tecnologica researcher Carlo Strapparava explored
crucial research questions related to the recognition and utilization of
verbally expressed humor in order to empirically illustrate the viable use
of computational approaches, as well as the employment of classification
techniques based on stylistic and content features to yield good
performance. Research shows that it is feasible to automatically build a
large collection of humorous texts, that automatic classification methods
can be effectively employed to make distinctions between humorous and
nonhumorous texts, and that an automatic technique for the selection and
insertion of contextualized humorous text can enhance the user experience
and the general quality of several highly popular computer-based
applications. To address the problem of manually building a large data set
of one-liners given the lack of many such jokes on most Web sites and
mailing lists, Mihalcea and Strapparava deployed a Web-based bootstrapping
algorithm that could compile numerous one-liners beginning with a brief
seed list comprised of a few manually-identified jokes. Once a
sufficiently large collection of one-liners was organized, the authors went
about the task of finding a way to automatically recognize humor in text by
modeling the problem as a traditional machine learning process.
Compilations of nonhumorous sentences with similar structure and
composition as the one-liners were identified to create a basis for
comparison and facilitate the automatic learning of computational models
for humor recognition as well as the assessment of the models' performance.
In order to automatically insert humor into computer-based applications,
the authors determined the need for the measurement of semantic similarity
between two input text segments to ascertain the most appropriate one-liner
for a given context, and the automatic evaluation of a text's affective
semantic orientation. It is Mihalcea and Strapparava's contention that
machines with humorous capabilities will help stimulate users' emotions and
offer motivational support.
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A Head for Detail
Fast Company (11/06)No. 110, P. 72; Thompson, Clive
Microsoft researcher Gordon Bell has embarked on an ambitious project to
digitize all aspects of his daily life, thus providing a perfect,
uncontestable record, but the potential implications of his experiment go
beyond mere recall. The idea of "lifelogging" becoming a routine practice
does not seem so far-fetched when one takes into account the increasing
storage capacity of computers and the Internet, and the rapidly falling
cost of storage. Bell records everything he hears and sees and saves it in
a computer using his custom-designed "MyLifeBits" software, but the project
has advantages and disadvantages. Though Bell says recording everything he
experiences gives him more room for his mind to be creative, he worries
that his brain's natural memory retention capabilities might be slowly
deteriorating. Other critics are concerned that lifelogging will cheapen
memory and hurt human spontaneity. Another formidable challenge of the
MyLifeBits project is making the accumulated recordings easily searchable,
while Microsoft's FacetMap project aims to reveal the linkages between
information by organizing data by time and people, in the same way humans
organize memory. The value of the visual component of Bell's work, the
SenseCam, seems dubious, because computers cannot "see" the pictures taken
by the device; but Dublin University professor Alan Smeaton discovered that
fast-forwarding through the sequence of SenseCam photos actually helps
stimulate short-term memory. Experiments are also underway to harness
artificial intelligence to unlock hidden patterns in memory.
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